The Rise and Fall of Weimar and the Rise of Hitler

Between World War One and Two, Germany experienced several changes in government: from an emperor to democracy to the rise of a new dictator, a FÃ ¼hrer. Indeed, it’s this last leader, Adolf Hitler, who directly began the second of the twentieth century’s two great wars. The German Revolution of 1918-19 Faced with defeat in the First World War, the military leaders of Imperial Germany convinced themselves that a new civilian government would do two things: take the blame for the loss, and persuade the soon to be winners of the war to demand only a moderate punishment. The socialist SDP was invited to form a government and they pursued a moderate course, but as Germany began to fracture under pressure so calls for a full-fledged revolution were demanded by the extreme left. Whether Germany really did experience a revolution in 1918-19, or whether that was defeated is debated. The Creation and Struggle of the Weimar Republic The SDP was running Germany, and they resolved to create a new constitution and republic. This was duly created, based at Weimar because the conditions in Berlin were unsafe, but problems with the allies’ demands in the Treaty of Versailles produced a rocky path, which only got worse in the early 1920s as reparations helped hyperinflation and impending economic collapse. Yet Weimar, with a political system that produced coalition after coalition, survived, and experienced a cultural Golden Age. The Origins of Hitler and the Nazi Party In the chaos following the end of World War One, many fringe parties emerged in Germany. One was investigated by an army man called Hitler. He joined, displayed a talent for demagoguery, and soon took over the Nazi Party and expanded its membership. He might have moved too early believing his Beer Hall Putsch would work, even with Ludendorff on the side, but managed to turn a trial and time in prison into a triumph. By the mid-twenties, he’d resolved to at least start his rise to power semi-legally. The Fall of Weimar and Hitler’s Rise to Power The Golden Age of Weimar was cultural; the economy was still dangerously dependent on American money, and the political system was unstable. When the Great Depression removed the US loans the German economy was crippled, and dissatisfaction with the center parties led to extremists like the Nazis growing in votes. Now the top level of German politics slipped towards the authoritarian government, and democracy failed, all before Hitler managed to exploit violence, despair, fear and political leaders who underestimated him to become Chancellor. Treaty of Versailles and Hitler The Treaty of Versailles was long blamed for leading directly to the Second World War, but this is now considered an overstatement. Nevertheless, it’s possible to argue several aspects of the Treaty did contribute to Hitler’s rise to power. The Creation of the Nazi Dictatorship By 1933 Hitler was Chancellor of Germany, but was far from secure; in theory, President Hindenburg could sack him whenever he wanted. Within months he had wrecked the constitution and established a powerful, gripping dictatorship thanks to violence and the final act of political suicide from the opposition parties. Hindenburg then died, and Hitler combined his job with the presidency to create a FÃ ¼hrer. Hitler would now reshape all areas of German life.

The Business Side Of Things, Advertising - 1357 Words

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Inform at least 50 percent of those consumers that Speedo is a high-quality, competitively priced product that will allow them to wash their clothes more thoroughly at little or no extra cost. 3. Convince at least 40 percent of that 50 percent to actually purchase a trial size of the product at a local retailer (Pattis, 1995, p. 81).† By setting goals similar to what is seen in the example, it is much easier to have a successful ad campaign. Goals give a direction in the early development stages of making an ad. As the ad development progresses it isShow MoreRelatedIbm Case Study1686 Words   |  7 PagesDISCUSSION QUESTIONS Q1. What is the primary objective of IBM’s advertising? How have the objectives of its advertising changed over the years? Obviously, in one perspective the initial primary objective of IBM’s advertising is to RECAPTURED the brand equity to increase its diminishing market share. 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Plea Bargaining Essay Example For Students

Plea Bargaining Essay Plea Bargaining: The most common arguement offered on behalf of plea bargaining is that itlifts theburden of heavy caseloads from the shoulders of the courts. By ensuring thatmost criminaldefendants enter a plea of guilty, plea bargaining eliminates the need fortime-consuming trialprocedures-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-Category:LawPaper Title:Plea BargainingText:The most common arguement offered on behalf of plea bargaining is that itlifts theburden of heavy caseloads from the shoulders of the courts. By ensuring thatmost criminaldefendants enter a plea of guilty, plea bargaining eliminates the need fortime-consuming trialprocedures. Harold J. Rothwax, a Manhattan judge said, We go to pleabargaining out ofnecessity, not out of desire. It is inescapable. Criminal defendantscharged with felonies couldcompletely overcome the court system if they coordinated their efforts. If even half of the 90%of the defendants who now plead guilty should request trial, the judicialsystem would breakdown from overload, said B.J. George Jr. Although society wouldcertainly respond to asubstantially overburdened court system by allotting more resources to it,such s responce wouldlikely be slow. Proponents of plea bargaining argue that it allows the accused to have agreater degree ofautonomy over the results of their cases. Unlike a system without a pleabargaining, in which adefendant either pleads guilty without meeting with the prosecutor or pleadsinnocent and thengoes through the trial process, plea bargaining allows the defendant theintermediate option ofpleading guilty to avoid a harsh penalty. This arguement sees plea bargainingas an extra checkin the criminal justice system to ensure that the autonomy and liberty of theaccused is respectedby the state. Plea bargaining also protects innocent defendants from thepossibility of harshsanctions. Unfortunate innocent defendants who realize that the case themagainst them is toooverwhelming to gain leniency from the judge or to win acquittal from a jurymay view pleabargaining as an attractive alternative to trial. Without plea bargaining,many of these innocentdefendants would be found guilty and sentenced. Of course, plea barg ainingdoes not violateones right to trial, as defendants always have the option to plead notguilty and be tried by ajury. Proponents of plea bargaining point out that prosecutors do not forceanyone to pleabargain. Although plea bargaining is not perfect, the pressures placed on the courtsystem make itthe best way to promote justice. Critics of the practice tend to focus onlyon the relativelyinsignificant number of cases where plea bargaining results in injustice. When evaluating theeffectiveness of plea bargaining in promoting justice, it is important tofocus equally on itsstrengths. In most cases, plea bargaining is a fair and efficient way to dealwith cases. Mostguilty defendants will be convicted with or without plea bargaining, and mostinnocentdefendants will be acquitted. Therefore, plea bargaining is usually anacceptable and moreefficient alternative to trial. One important positive effect that pleabargaining has on thecriminal justice system is that it preserves the seriousness of the innocentplea. With pleabargaining, innocent pleas are few and far between, making the judge andattorneys moreattentive during trials. Without plea bargaining, guilty defendants have lessof an incentive toplead guilty and more of an incentive to go to trial. With more trials toattend to, and with mostdefendants being ultimately found guilty, the cases of the few innocentdefendants who needtrials the most might not recieve the proper amount of attention fro m judgesor attorneys. .uf2568fb1c1e7c2fedffce32fd0a26d6d , .uf2568fb1c1e7c2fedffce32fd0a26d6d .postImageUrl , .uf2568fb1c1e7c2fedffce32fd0a26d6d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf2568fb1c1e7c2fedffce32fd0a26d6d , .uf2568fb1c1e7c2fedffce32fd0a26d6d:hover , .uf2568fb1c1e7c2fedffce32fd0a26d6d:visited , .uf2568fb1c1e7c2fedffce32fd0a26d6d:active { border:0!important; } .uf2568fb1c1e7c2fedffce32fd0a26d6d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf2568fb1c1e7c2fedffce32fd0a26d6d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf2568fb1c1e7c2fedffce32fd0a26d6d:active , .uf2568fb1c1e7c2fedffce32fd0a26d6d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf2568fb1c1e7c2fedffce32fd0a26d6d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf2568fb1c1e7c2fedffce32fd0a26d6d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf2568fb1c1e7c2fedffce32fd0a26d6d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf2568fb1c1e7c2fedffce32fd0a26d6d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf2568fb1c1e7c2fedffce32fd0a26d6d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf2568fb1c1e7c2fedffce32fd0a26d6d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf2568fb1c1e7c2fedffce32fd0a26d6d .uf2568fb1c1e7c2fedffce32fd0a26d6d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf2568fb1c1e7c2fedffce32fd0a26d6d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Globalization Migration EssayThe efficiency excuse can only be used by the most overburdened courts. Prosecutorsworking in rural areas with relatively low caseloads use plea bargaining justas prosecutors whowork in major cities. Additionally, plea bargaining was used decades ago,when courts in generalwere not as overburdened as they are today. These observations, according toopponents of pleabargaining, suggest that necessity is not the only explanation for thewidespread use of thepractice. An alternative explanation not cited by plea bargaining proponentsis that the practicelifts burdens not only from the courts, but from the shoulders of the judgesand attorneys whowork within them. Attorneys and judges realize that the trials requiresignificantly more personaleffort and time than plea bargaining. When the court has heard all of thecases on the docket, thejudge and public attorneys are free to spend their time outside of thecourtroom. Thus, theincentives for public attorneys and judges to use plea bargaining are oftenpersonal. In light ofthis observation, the often cited efficiency excuse does not seem valid. Asone scholar wiselyobserved, regardless of the caseload, there will always be too manycases for many of theparticipants in the system, since most of them have a strong interest inbeing some place otherthan court. Plea bargaining presents a substantial threat to the liberties of theaccused, especiallythose who are innocent. Prosecutors bargain with the harshest sentence thatthey think thedefendant will accept in exchange for a guilty plea. Indeed, because judgestend to sentenceconvicted defendants who plead innocent with much harsher penalties thandefendants whoplead guilty. Defendants who are clearly guilty would probably be better offpleading guiltyeven without a plea bargain. On the other hand, a prosecutor will offer moresubstantialconcessions to innocent defendants who would have relatively high chances ofacquittal if theircases were to go to trial. Thus, plea bargaining allows the prosecutor toensure that innocentdefendants will be just as likely as guilty defendants to plead guilty tosome charge. Plea bargaining violates many basic principles upon which our criminaljustice systemrests. One of these principles is that it is better to let ten guilty personsgo free than it is toconvict one innocent person. Plea bargaining attempts to ensure that everyoneis convicted,albeit with a lighter sentence than if he or she had been found guilty intrial. For the innocent,conviction is clearly an injustice, but the injustice of convicting thecriminal through pleabargaining is often overlooked. By ensuring that criminals recieve lightersanctions, pleabargaining represents an injustice to society. If the criminal justice systemis viewed as a systemwith the end of protecting citizens, plea bargaining and its leniency towardguilty defendantsthreatens to undermine the system by depriving it of the ability to detercrime and reform theoffenders. While the doctrine of letting ten innocent defendants go free isnot written in theConstitution, the doctrine that no person shall be compelled in anycrim inal case to be a witnessagainst himself is This Fifth Amendment right is violated by pleabargaining, in which theguilty plea, in light of the possibility of more lenient sanctions, iscompelling. If oneincriminates oneself by pleading guilty, the plea bargain violates the FifthAmendment. Unfortunately, the Supreme Court made an exception for plea bargaining inNorth Carolina v. Alford, in which it held that Alford, who would have pled innocent to murderhad in not been forplea bargaining, was bound to his plea bargain. Alfords testimony revealsthat he was indeedcompelled to plead guilty, thus incriminating himself: I pleaded guiltyon second degree murderbecause they said there is too much evidence, but I aint shot no man, but Itake the fault for theother man. We never had an arguement in our life and I just pleaded guiltybecause they said if Ididnt they would gas me for it, and that is all. Finally, pleabargaining violates the principlethat guilt or innocence should only be determined by those deemed fit to doso. In our society,only judges and fairly selected juries enjoy that status.Plea bargainingtakes already difficultdecisions out of the hands of qualified and socially sanctioned individualsand places them in thehands of attorneys, who are then subjected to serious financial andother temptations todisregard their clients interests, said A.W. Alschuler. M oreover, bymaking attorneys viewthemselves as judges and administrators rather than as advocates,plea bargaining transformsreal judges into ineffective figureheads who cannot fulfill the role expectedof them by thosewho appointed them. .ub09d7fbfd7d8fdb22bc86de4a0a114a1 , .ub09d7fbfd7d8fdb22bc86de4a0a114a1 .postImageUrl , .ub09d7fbfd7d8fdb22bc86de4a0a114a1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub09d7fbfd7d8fdb22bc86de4a0a114a1 , .ub09d7fbfd7d8fdb22bc86de4a0a114a1:hover , .ub09d7fbfd7d8fdb22bc86de4a0a114a1:visited , .ub09d7fbfd7d8fdb22bc86de4a0a114a1:active { border:0!important; } .ub09d7fbfd7d8fdb22bc86de4a0a114a1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub09d7fbfd7d8fdb22bc86de4a0a114a1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub09d7fbfd7d8fdb22bc86de4a0a114a1:active , .ub09d7fbfd7d8fdb22bc86de4a0a114a1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub09d7fbfd7d8fdb22bc86de4a0a114a1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub09d7fbfd7d8fdb22bc86de4a0a114a1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub09d7fbfd7d8fdb22bc86de4a0a114a1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub09d7fbfd7d8fdb22bc86de4a0a114a1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub09d7fbfd7d8fdb22bc86de4a0a114a1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub09d7fbfd7d8fdb22bc86de4a0a114a1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub09d7fbfd7d8fdb22bc86de4a0a114a1 .ub09d7fbfd7d8fdb22bc86de4a0a114a1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub09d7fbfd7d8fdb22bc86de4a0a114a1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Early Western Civilization A Gift of Peace from th Essay-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-

Sheila Birling in the play Essay Example

Sheila Birling in the play Paper Geralds attempt to stop the truth from coming out results in Sheila being hysterical by the end of Act 1. At the beginning of Act 2, Priestley ensures that Sheila is in the same hysterical (panic- stricken and frenzied) state, but he ensures that she remains centre stage. By doing this, Priestley also ensures that the audience knows that Sheila will learn everything. It will add to Sheilas understanding and her growth as a person, and she will be the better for it: It cant be any worse or me than it has been. And it might be better. The Inspector wants Sheila to be made aware that she is not entirely to blame and that she shouldnt have to be alone with her responsibility. Priestley ensures that the audience also understand this, because by this time Sheila has gained audience sympathy by her growing compassionate nature. Priestley uses irony and sarcasm to add range and create humour. When Gerald is being less than truthful, Sheila says You were the wonderful Fairy Prince. When Gerald states that Eva/ Daisy Renton took the break up of their affair gallantly, Sheila states ironically: That was nice for you. Priestley proceeds to increase the dramatic tension during Act 2, and Sheilas emotions are so heightened that she becomes wilder when other family members keep underestimating the Inspector. She says (with a laugh) No, hes giving us the rope, so that well hang ourselves. Mrs. Birling just thinks shes over excited, but by this time Sheila and the audience share the same information and are ahead of the family members. Priestley gives more understanding to Sheila than any of the other characters. Mrs. Birling notices this when she says You seem to have made a great impression on this child, Inspector. We will write a custom essay sample on Sheila Birling in the play specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sheila Birling in the play specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sheila Birling in the play specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Here the Inspector echoes the writers opinion and says We often do on the young ones. Theyre more impressionable. This goes to the heart of the main theme of the play, which is that the older members of this privileged class will not change, but the young are capable of change through greater understanding. Sheilas readiness to learn from experience is in great contrast to her parents. Gradually Sheila achieves greater moral perspective and gains sufficient courage to acknowledge and accept her human failings. I know Im to blame, Im desperately sorry She also realises she will not share any future with Gerald Croft, but at least she will share guilt. Priestley contrasts her views very boldly with the views of the other family members and Gerald, who fall back into the same bigoted views once they realise that the Inspector does not exist. Towards the end of Act 2, Sheila then acts as a commentator on the action, as Gerald Croft, Mrs. Birling and Eric are then forced to confess their responsibilities. During this time she gains a great understanding of the situation, therefore becoming the moral backbone of the play. Frequently Priestley has Sheila summarise the action. For instance, in the central part of Act 2, Sheila has two major speeches which help her and the audience appreciate what is going on. In the first speech she accepts Geralds failings with maturity: I dont dislike you as I did half an hour ago I rather respect you more than Ive ever done before But Sheila has changed, and Priestley ensures that the audience realises this: It was my fault that she was so desperate when you (Gerald) first met her The Sheila that we meet at the beginning of the play would not have accepted this. Sheila realises that she has changed too: You and I arent the same people who sat down to dinner Unfortunately it is only Sheila who goes through such a dramatic transformation. At the beginning of Act 3 Sheila is in tears because she is the only one who realises that not one of the guilty parties can now say Im sorry, Eva Smith. Sheila is reduced to tears when she says quietly: Thats the worst of it. She also begins to understand towards the end of the final act that very little changes. She says bitterly- I suppose were all nice people now. So theres nothing to be sorry for, nothing to learn. We can go on behaving just as we did. Priestly shows Sheila to be completely disappointed and disheartened by the others lack of awareness and their unwillingness to change, with the exception of Eric. The authors high moral position is reflected in Sheilas words and actions. Sheila states (passionately- Priestleys stage direction) Youre pretending everythings just as it was before. Sheilas disappointment is made worse by the others comments. Mrs. Birling states Well why shouldnt we? (That is, why shouldnt we carry on as before? ) Sheilas response to the tragedy is the most positive aspect of the play. Sheila continues to question the familys attitudes and their refusal to acknowledge their guilt in the death of Eva Smith. She begins to learn about the importance of society, and her responsibility towards the less fortunate. This is Priestleys main theme throughout the play, and Sheila is his symbol for it. The audience can leave with this life-enhancing knowledge.